Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

from infancy

Толкование Перевод

1 from infancy to old age

Общая лексика: с раннего детства до старости

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > from infancy to old age
2 infancy

{'infənsi}
1. ранно детство
from INFANCY от найранно детство
2. юр. непълнолетие, малолетие
3. начало, най-ранен период/стадий

* * *

{'infъnsi} n 1. ранно детство; from infancy от найранно детство; 2.

* * *

малолетство; непълнолетие;

* * *
1. from infancy от найранно детство 2. начало, най-ранен период/стадий 3. ранно детство 4. юр. непълнолетие, малолетие
* * *

infancy[´infənsi] n 1. ранно детство; from \infancy от най-ранно детство; 2. юрид. непълнолетие, малолетие; 3. начало, най-ранен период (стадий).

English-Bulgarian dictionary > infancy
3 infancy

noun (the state or time of being a baby: They had two children who died in infancy.) infancia, niñez

infancy

tr['ɪnfənsɪ]

noun

1 (childhood) infancia, niñez nombre femenino

2 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL minoría de edad

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to be in its infancy figurative use estar en mantillas

infancy ['ɪnfəntsi] n, pl - cies : infancia f

infancy

n.

• infancia s.f.

• minoridad s.f.

• pañal s.m.

• pequeñez s.f.

'ɪnfənsi
mass noun

1) ( babyhood) primera infancia f

this branch of science is still in its infancy — esta rama de la ciencia está aún en pañales or en mantillas

2) ( Law) minoría f de edad

['ɪnfǝnsɪ]
N
1) (=childhood) infancia f, niñez f ; (Jur) minoría f de edad

from infancy — desde niño, desde muy pequeño

2) (fig) (=early stage) infancia f

the project is still in its infancy — el proyecto está todavía en mantillas

* * *
['ɪnfənsi]
mass noun

1) ( babyhood) primera infancia f

this branch of science is still in its infancy — esta rama de la ciencia está aún en pañales or en mantillas

2) ( Law) minoría f de edad

English-spanish dictionary > infancy
4 infancy

[ʹınfənsı] n
1. младенчество, раннее детство

natural infancy - юр. возраст до семи лет

in (one's) infancy - в раннем детстве, в младенческом возрасте

from infancy to old age - с раннего детства до старости

2. ранняя стадия развития, период становления; начало

in the infancy of man /of mankind/ - на заре человечества

in the infancy of arts and sciences - на ранней стадии развития искусства и науки

the infancy of a nation - период становления нации

the infancy of a city - юность города

3. юр. несовершеннолетие

НБАРС > infancy
5 infancy

n

1) дитячі роки, раннє дитинство

natural infancy — юр. дитячий вік до семи років

to die in infancy — померти в ранньому віці

from infancy to old age — з раннього дитинства до старості

2) рання стадія розвитку, період становлення; початок

3) юр. неповноліття, вік до 21 року (у Великій Британії)

* * *

n

1) раннє дитинство

2) рання стадія розвитку, період становлення; початок

3) юp. неповноліття

English-Ukrainian dictionary > infancy
6 infancy

[΄infənsi] n մանկություն. վաղ մանկա կան հասակ. իրավ. անչափա հա սություն. in infancy մանուկ հասակում. from infancy մանկու թյու նից

English-Armenian dictionary > infancy
7 Infancy

subs.

P. παιδεία, ἡ.

From infancy: P. ἐκ νέου, ἐκ παιδός, ἐκ παιδίου (Xen.), ἐκ παιδαρίου.

Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary. A vocabulary of the Attic language > Infancy
8 infancy

infancy n

1 ( young childhood) première enfance f, petite enfance f ; from (one's) infancy de sa petite enfance ; in early infancy dans la toute petite enfance ; in (one's) infancy en bas âge ;

2 fig débuts mpl ; in its infancy à ses débuts ; in the infancy of au tout début de [career, movement] ; to be still in its infancy fig [company, project] en être encore à ses débuts or à ses premiers balbutiements ;

3 Jur minorité f.

Big English-French dictionary > infancy
9 from earliest infancy

Общая лексика: с раннего детства

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > from earliest infancy
10 малый I

мал|ый I -
1. прил. (по величине, возрасту) small;
~ые дети small children;

2. прил. (незначительный) slight, light;

3. прил. тк. кратк. ф. (не впору, тесный) (too) small;
пальто ~о the coat is too small;

4. в знач. сущ. с. a little;
довольствоваться ~ым be* satisfied with a little;
~ая скорость ж.-д. low speed;
~ ход мор. slow speed;
~ые формы театр. short plays;
с ~ых лет from childhood, ever since one was a child;
(с младенчества) from infancy;
самое ~ое at least;
без ~ого nearly, almost;
за ~ым дело стало one thing is missing;
мал ~а меньше one smaller than the other.

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > малый I
11 bulwark

ˈbulwək
1. сущ.
1) вал;
бастион Syn: bastion
2) оплот;
защита England appeared the great bulwark of the civil liberties of Europe. ≈ Англия стала настоящей защитницей гражданских свобод в Европе. Syn: stronghold, bastion
3) мол
4) обыкн. мн.;
мор. фальшборт
2. гл.
1) укреплять валом
2) служить оплотом Friends bulwarked him about from infancy to boyhood. ≈ В детстве и отрочестве друзья всегда служили ему защитой и опорой. вал, бастион оплот, защита - a * of peace оплот мира мол, волнолом( морское) фальшборт (редкое) укреплять валом (редкое) служить оплотом - friends *ed him about друзья стояли за него горой bulwark вал;
бастион ~ мол ~ оплот;
защита ~ служить оплотом ~ укреплять валом ~ (обыкн. pl) мор. фальшборт

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > bulwark
12 bulwark

['bulwək] 1. сущ.
1) вал; бастион

Syn:

bastion

2) оплот; защита

England appeared the great bulwark of the civil liberties of Europe. — Англия стала настоящей защитницей гражданских свобод в Европе.

Syn:

stronghold, bastion

3) мол

4) обычно мн.; мор. фальшборт
2. гл.
1) укреплять валом

2) служить оплотом

Friends bulwarked him about from infancy to boyhood. — В детстве и отрочестве друзья всегда служили ему защитой и опорой.

Англо-русский современный словарь > bulwark
13 touchy-feely

['tʌʧɪ'fiːlɪ]
прил.; разг.

открыто проявляющий свои эмоции, раскрепощённый

a touchy-feely person — душа нараспашку

The royal family has been trained from infancy to hide emotion and to present the traditional stiff upper lip. Yet suddenly, people were demanding that the family became more touchy-feely. — Членов королевской семьи с детских лет приучали не выказывать эмоций, воплощать собой традиционный английский характер. Но внезапно люди стали требовать, чтобы члены королевской семьи вели себя более раскрепощённо.

Англо-русский современный словарь > touchy-feely
14 failure

1. авария; повреждение; неисправность; отказ в работе

2. неудачная скважина

3. разрушение; обрушение; обвал; оседание; сползание

— bending failure

— brittle failure

— compression failure

— endurance failure

— engine failure

— fatigue failure

— impact compressive failure

— last-thread failure

— operating failures

— repeated stress failure

— rock failure

— shear failure

— tensile failure

— thread failure

— torque failure

— torsion failure

* * *

1. отказ ( в работе) ; выход из строя; повреждение; поломка; неисправность, несрабатывание; сбой

2. разрушение; авария

failure after preventive maintenance — отказ после профилактического технического обслуживания

failure of normal category — отказ обычного типа

to accelerate the failure — ускорять появление отказа;

to carry failure to — 1. приводить к отказу; 2. доводить до разрушения (при испытаниях)

to catch a failure — обнаруживать отказ;

to cause to failure — 1. приводить к отказу; 2. доводить до разрушения (при испытаниях);

to discard upon failure — браковать при появлении отказа;

to recover from failure — устранять неисправность;

to repair a failure — устранять неисправность

— abnormal test failure

— abnormally early failure

— active failure

— actual failure

— additional failure

— adolescent failure

— aging failure

— allowable failure

— anomalous failure

— anticipated failure

— apparent failure

— artificial failure

— assignable cause failure

— associated failure

— associative failure

— assumed failure

— avoidable failure

— basic failure

— bench-test failure

— bending failure

— bond failure

— breakdown failure

— break-in failure

— brittle failure

— burn-in failure

— catastrophic failure

— cause undetermined failure

— chance failure

— combined failure

— commanded failure

— common-cause failure

— compensating failure

— complete failure

— component failure

— component-compensating failure

— component-dependent failure

— component-independent failure

— component-partial failure

— compression failure

— conditional failure

— conditionally detectable failure

— consequential failure

— contributory failure

— corollary failure

— critical failure

— damage failure

— degradation failure

— dependent failure

— depot-repair-type failure

— design-deficiency failure

— design-error failure

— destruction failure

— destructive failure

— deterioration failure

— disabling failure

— disastrous failure

— distortion failure

— dominant failure

— dominating failure

— dormant failure

— double failure

— downhole failure

— drilling-bit failure

— drill-string failure

— dynamic failure

— earliest failure

— early-life failure

— embryonic failure

— emergency failure

— end failure

— endurance failure

— engine failure

— environmental failure

— equipment failure

— essential failure

— eventual failure

— exogenous failure

— explicit failure

— exponential failure

— externally-caused failure

— fabrication failure

— failure before replacement

— failure in tension

— failure in use

— failure of performance

— failure with replacement

— fatal failure

— fatigue failure

— fictitious failure

— field failure

— field-test failure

— foolish failure

— forced failure

— fracture failure

— functional failure

— generic failure

— gradual failure

— gross failure

— handling failure

— hard failure

— hazardous failure

— hidden failure

— human-involved failure

— immature failure

— immediate failure

— imminent failure

— impending failure

— implicit failure

— inadvertent failure

— incipient failure

— independent failure

— induced failure

— infancy failure

— initial failure

— inoperative failure

— in-service failure

— insignificant failure

— inspection failure

— instability failure

— intermittent failure

— internal failure

— intervening failure

— in-the-field failure

— intrinsic failure

— in-warranty failure

— irreversible failure

— late failure

— latent failure

— life failure

— local failure

— low-limit failure

— maintenance failure

— major failure

— malfunction failure

— marginal failure

— mechanical failure

— minor failure

— mishandling failure

— misuse failure

— monotone failure

— most remote failure

— multiunit failure

— near failure

— nonbasic failure

— noncatastrophic failure

— noncritical failure

— nondetectible failure

— nonfatal failure

— nonfunctional failure

— nonrandom failure

— nonreliability failure

— nonrepayable failure

— observed failure

— obsolete parts failure

— oncoming failure

— operating failures

— operational failure

— operative failure

— operator-induced failure

— ordinary failure

— out-of-tolerance failure

— overload failure

— overstress failure

— parallel failures

— parametric failure

— part failure

— partial failure

— partially depreciating failure

— passive failure

— pattern failures

— permanent failure

— persistent failure

— potential failure

— predictable failure

— premature failure

— primary failure

— progressive failure

— projected failure

— qualification failure

— random failure

— real failure

— recoverable failure

— recurrent failures

— redundant failure

— relevant failure

— reliability-type failure

— repairable failure

— repeatable failure

— repeated stress failure

— residual failure

— revealed failure

— reversal failure

— reversible failure

— rogue failure

— running-in failure

— seal failure

— secondary failure

— self-avoiding failure

— self-correcting failure

— self-healing failure

— self-induced failure

— self-repairing failure

— service failure

— shear failure

— single failure

— single-point failure

— solid failure

— specification deficiency failure

— spontaneous failure

— stable failure

— stage-by-stage failure

— stochastic failure

— stress failure

— stuck-closed failure

— subsequent failure

— subsidiary failure

— sudden failure

— superficial failure

— surface failure

— suspected failure

— sustained failure

— systematic failure

— technical failure

— technological failure

— temporary failure

— tensile failure

— test failure

— test-induced failure

— test-produced failure

— thread failure

— threshold failure

— time-limit failure

— top failure

— torque failure

— torsion failure

— total failure

— traceable failure

— transient failure

— triple failure

— true failure

— unannounced failure

— unassigned failure

— unavoidable failure

— undetected failure

— unexpected failure

— unexplained failure

— unpredictable failure

— unrecoverable failure

— unrevealed failure

— unsafe failure

— unstable failure

— verified failure

— volatile failure

— wear-out failure

* * *

1. авария, повреждение; отказ ( оборудования), выход из строя

2. обрушение, оседание ( пород); сползание

3. неудачная скважина ( по статистической терминологии)

* * *

1) отказ (); выход из строя; повреждение; поломка; неисправность, несрабатывание; сбой

2) разрушение; авария

3) обрушение; обвал ( породы)

4) неудачная скважина

•

failure after preventive maintenance — отказ после профилактического технического обслуживания;

failure before replacement — отказ () накануне замены;

failure by bursting from internal pressure — разрушение ( колонны труб) от разрыва под действием внутреннего давления;

failure by collapse from external pressure — разрушение ( колонны труб) от разрыва под действием внешнего давления;

failure in tension — разрушение при растяжении;

failure in use — отказ при эксплуатации, эксплуатационный отказ;

failure requiring overhaul — поломка, требующая капитального ремонта;

failures per million hours — отказов за миллион часов работы;

to accelerate the failure — ускорять появление отказа;

to carry failure to — 1) приводить к отказу 2) доводить до разрушения ( при испытаниях);

to catch a failure — обнаруживать отказ;

to cause to failure — 1) приводить к отказу 2) доводить до разрушения ( при испытаниях);

to discard upon failure — браковать при появлении отказа;

to recover from failure — устранять неисправность;

to repair a failure — устранять неисправность;

failure under tension — разрушение ( колонны труб) от растяжения;

failure with replacement — отказ с заменой ( неисправного элемента)

- failure of casing string
- failure of hose connection
- failure of normal category
- failure of performance
- abnormal test failure
- abnormally early failure
- active failure
- actual failure
- additional failure
- adolescent failure
- aging failure
- allowable failure
- anomalous failure
- anticipated failure
- apparent failure
- artificial failure
- assignable cause failure
- associated failure
- associative failure
- assumed failure
- avoidable failure
- basic failure
- bench-test failure
- bending failure
- bond failure
- breakdown failure
- break-in failure
- brittle failure
- burn-in failure
- casing failure
- catastrophic failure
- cause undetermined failure
- chance failure
- combined failure
- commanded failure
- common-cause failure
- compensating failure
- complete failure
- component failure
- component-compensating failure
- component-dependent failure
- component-independent failure
- component-partial failure
- compression failure
- conditional failure
- conditionally detectable failure
- consequential failure
- contributory failure
- corollary failure
- critical failure
- damage failure
- degradation failure
- dependent failure
- depot-repair-type failure
- derrick failure
- design-deficiency failure
- design-error failure
- destruction failure
- destructive failure
- deterioration failure
- disabling failure
- disastrous failure
- distortion failure
- dominant failure
- dominating failure
- dormant failure
- double failure
- downhole failure
- drill string failure
- drilling-bit failure
- dynamic failure
- earliest failure
- early-life failure
- embryonic failure
- emergency failure
- end failure
- endurance failure
- engine failure
- environmental failure
- equipment failure
- essential failure
- eventual failure
- exogenous failure
- explicit failure
- exponential failure
- externally-caused failure
- fabrication failure
- fatal failure
- fatigue failure
- fictitious failure
- field failure
- field-test failure
- foolish failure
- forced failure
- fracture failure
- functional failure
- generic failure
- gradual failure
- gross failure
- handling failure
- hard failure
- hazardous failure
- hidden failure
- human-initiated failure
- human-involved failure
- immature failure
- immediate failure
- imminent failure
- impact compressive failure
- impending failure
- implicit failure
- inadvertent failure
- incipient failure
- independent failure
- induced failure
- infancy failure
- initial failure
- inoperative failure
- in-service failure
- insignificant failure
- inspection failure
- instability failure
- intermittent failure
- internal failure
- intervening failure
- in-the-field failure
- intrinsic failure
- in-warranty failure
- irreversible failure
- last-thread failure
- late failure
- latent failure
- life failure
- local failure
- low-limit failure
- maintenance failure
- major failure
- malfunction failure
- marginal failure
- mechanical failure
- minor failure
- mishandling failure
- misuse failure
- monotone failure
- most remote failure
- multiunit failure
- near failure
- nonbasic failure
- noncatastrophic failure
- noncritical failure
- nondetectable failure
- nonfatal failure
- nonfunctional failure
- nonrandom failure
- nonreliability failure
- nonrepairable failure
- observed failure
- obsolete parts failure
- oncoming failure
- operating failures
- operational failure
- operative failure
- operator-induced failure
- ordinary failure
- out-of-tolerance failure
- overload failure
- overstress failure
- parallel failures
- parametric failure
- part failure
- partial failure
- partially depreciating failure
- passive failure
- pattern failures
- permanent failure
- persistent failure
- potential failure
- predictable failure
- premature failure
- primary failure
- progressive failure
- projected failure
- qualification failure
- random failure
- real failure
- recoverable failure
- recurrent failures
- redundant failure
- relevant failure
- reliability-type failure
- repairable failure
- repeatable failure
- repeated stress failure
- residual failure
- revealed failure
- reversal failure
- reversible failure
- rock failure
- rock compression failure
- rock plastic failure
- rogue failure
- running-in failure
- seal failure
- secondary failure
- self-avoiding failure
- self-correcting failure
- self-healing failure
- self-induced failure
- self-repairing failure
- service failure
- shear failure
- single failure
- single-point failure
- solid failure
- specification deficiency failure
- spontaneous failure
- stable failure
- stage-by-stage failure
- stochastic failure
- stress failure
- stuck-closed failure
- subsequent failure
- subsidiary failure
- sucker-rod string failure
- sudden failure
- superficial failure
- surface failure
- suspected failure
- sustained failure
- systematic failure
- technical failure
- technological failure
- temporary failure
- tensile failure
- test failure
- test-induced failure
- test-produced failure
- thread failure
- threshold failure
- time-limit failure
- time to first system failure
- top failure
- torque failure
- torsion failure
- total failure
- traceable failure
- transient failure
- trap failure
- trap sealing failure
- triple failure
- true failure
- unannounced failure
- unassigned failure
- unavoidable failure
- undetected failure
- unexpected failure
- unexplained failure
- unpredictable failure
- unrecoverable failure
- unrevealed failure
- unsafe failure
- unstable failure
- verified failure
- volatile failure
- wearout failure
* * *

• дефект

• доводить до разрушения

• несрабатывание

• обвал

• отказ

• разрушение

Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > failure
15 reform

1. n
реформа

to accelerate reforms — ускорять реформы

to adopt a reform — принимать реформу

to apply brakes to the process of reform — тормозить процесс реформ

to be committed to economic reform — быть связанным обязательством осуществлять экономические реформы

to be supportive of reforms — быть лояльным к курсу реформ

to block reforms — блокировать реформы / проведение реформ

to bring about / to carry out / to carry through reforms — осуществлять / проводить реформы

to champion reform — выступать сторонником преобразований / реформ

to contemplate reforms — намечать реформы

to continue on the path of economic reforms — продолжать идти по пути экономических реформ

to continue with reforms — продолжать реформы

to copy the reforms introduced by smb — копировать реформы, введенные кем-л.

to criticize the slow pace of reform — критиковать медленный темп проведения реформ

to crush the reforms — уничтожать программу реформ

to decide major reforms — принимать решение об основных реформах

to deliver reforms — осуществлять / проводить реформы

to demand political reform — требовать политических реформ

to derail / to disrupt reforms — срывать реформы

to deter smb's reforms — сдерживать осуществление чьих-л. реформ

to dilute the effectiveness of reforms — ослаблять эффективность реформ

to dismantle reforms — отменять реформы

to draw up a program of reforms — вырабатывать программу реформ

to effect reforms — осуществлять / проводить реформы

to encourage further reforms — поощрять продолжение реформ

to endanger reforms — ставить под угрозу программу реформ

to endorse reforms — одобрять / утверждать реформы

to endorse a slow-down of social reforms — санкционировать замедление социальных реформ

to follow in the footsteps of smb's reforms — следовать примеру чьих-л. реформ

to force the pace of one's reforms — ускорять темп осуществления своих реформ

to forge ahead with political and economic reforms — вырываться вперед в деле проведения политических и экономических реформ

to get tax reform on the road — давать ход налоговой реформе

to give reform a chance — пробовать проводить реформы

to go ahead with reforms — продолжать энергично проводить реформы ( несмотря на трудности)

to implement reforms — осуществлять / проводить реформы

to initiate reforms — выступать инициатором проведения реформ; приступать к проведению реформ

to inject reform into the system — реформировать систему

to institute / to introduce reforms — выступать инициатором проведения реформ; приступать к проведению реформ

to keep reforms on track — продолжать реформы

to make reforms — осуществлять / проводить реформы

to make the reforms irreversible — делать реформы необратимыми

to model one's reforms after those of another country — вырабатывать свои реформы по образцу реформ другой страны

to move towards economic reform — идти к экономическим реформам

to obstruct reforms — мешать проведению реформ

to oppose reforms — противиться реформам

to outline political and economic reforms — обрисовать политические и экономические реформы

to press ahead with one's reforms — настойчиво продолжать свой курс реформ

to press for reforms — настаивать на проведении реформ

to propose a reform — предлагать реформу

to pursue reforms — осуществлять / проводить реформы

to push (ahead) one's reforms — энергично проводить свои реформы

to push ahead with a reform — продолжать энергично проводить реформы ( несмотря на трудности)

to push the pace of reform — ускорять темп проведения реформ

to push through (congress) a reform — протаскивать / проталкивать реформу ( через конгресс)

to put on ice all the reforms — замораживать все реформы

to question the pace of smb's reforms — ставить под сомнение темп проведения чьих-л. реформ

to resist reforms — противиться реформам

to restrain the pace of reforms — тормозить проведение реформ

to roll back reforms — сворачивать реформы

to rush economic reforms — спешить с проведением экономических реформ

to rush smb into reforms — подталкивать кого-л. к осуществлению реформ

to safeguard reforms — быть гарантом реформ

to scrap reforms — отказываться от реформ

to shape a reform — разрабатывать реформу

to shy away from reforms — уклоняться от проведения реформ

to slacken the pace of making reforms — замедлять темпы проведения реформ

to slow down the (pace of) reforms — замедлять темп реформ

to speed up economic reforms — ускорять экономические реформы

to stall reforms — приостанавливать реформы

to stand firm in the defense of reforms — твердо стоять на защите реформ

to stray from the path of reforms — сворачивать с курса реформ

to suspend reforms — приостанавливать реформы

to take one's reforms still further — продолжать свои реформы

to undertake reforms — осуществлять / проводить реформы

to undo a reform — отменять реформу

to unite under the banner of reform — объединяться под знаменем реформ

to urge reforms — настаивать на проведении реформ

to water down economic reforms — ослаблять экономические реформы

to work out a reform — разрабатывать реформу

- administrative reforms
- advocate of economic reform
- agrarian reform
- backtracking from reform
- basic reforms
- blueprint for political reform
- broad program of reforms
- coherent reform of the economy
- commitment to reforms
- comprehensive reform
- constitutional reform
- constitutional reforms
- credit reforms
- currency reform
- declared aim of the reform
- democratic reforms
- depth of the reform
- drastic reforms
- economic reform
- educational reforms
- electoral reform
- far-reaching reforms
- full-blooded economic reforms
- genuine reform
- half-way reform
- impending reform
- implementation of a reform
- iniquitous reform
- internal reforms
- introduction of reforms
- land reform
- land-tenure reform
- legislative reform
- liberal reforms
- limited reform
- long-term reforms
- mainstream of reforms
- major reform
- market-oriented reforms
- market-style reforms
- mindless reform
- monetary reform
- overdue reforms
- pace of reforms should be faster
- pace of reforms
- package of reforms

- parliamentary reform
- petty reforms
- planned reforms
- policy of reforms

- political reforms
- prerequisite of reforms
- price reform
- program of reforms
- progress of reforms
- progressive reform
- promised reforms
- proponent of reforms
- radical reform
- reform goes to Parliament
- reform has entered a critical phase
- reform has virtually come to a standstill
- reform is in its infancy
- reform isn't working properly
- reform within the existing structures
- reforms are achieving real momentum
- reforms are on course
- reforms will work
- rollback of the reforms
- sabotage to reforms
- slow-down of reforms
- social reforms
- socio-economic reform
- stringiest reforms
- structural reforms
- substantial reforms
- support for reforms
- tax reform
- taxation reform
- tentative reforms
- test of reforms
- tide of reforms washing across the world
- tough reform
- urgent reforms
- wage reform
- we are long overdue for reforms
- wide-ranging reform
- wide-ranging reforms
- widespread reform 2. v
реформировать

to reform oneself — перестраиваться

- smb's will to reform

Politics english-russian dictionary > reform
16 African Wools

AFRICAN WOOLS
Splendid wools are now being produced in the Cape and Natal. For many years it had been recognised that the climate was very suited to the growth of high-class merino wool and the development of good types is a result of the building up from judicial infusion of better known merino types, and with the support of the South African Government, great progress has been effected. Formerly, much of the Cape merino was shorn twice yearly, and, in fact, shearing was often a matter of degree, according to the circumstance of the grower. Thus, we frequently saw designations as "4 months", "6 months", "8 to 10 months", "10 to 12 months", "12 months", and even "14 months". But of late years this early shearing is diminishing, and thus more valuable combing wools are reaching the world centres. Formerly, much of the Cape merino was unattractive, and low yielding, making it difficult of estimation. Today, we often see magnificent 64/70's warp wools and a yield of 15 per cent to 20 per cent higher than formerly. The bulk of the Cape wools are beautifully fine, soft, and of a very white colour, and the noils from these wools also have a higher value than from most other merino wools. The production has also increased materially within recent years, and the South African contribution is now a valuable one to U.S.A., Great Britain, the Continent and Japan. East African wools are still in their infancy as regards character and amount. But the climate seems to be suitable for crossbred production, and of late years importation of good breeds for crossing and improving the native types lend support to the belief in the future of East Africa as a wool-producing area.

Dictionary of the English textile terms > African Wools
17 Murdock (Murdoch), William

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Public utilities

[br]

b. 21 August 1754 Cumnock, Ayrshire, Scotland

d. 15 November 1839 Handsworth, Birmingham, England

[br]

Scottish engineer and inventor, pioneer in coal-gas production.

[br]

He was the third child and the eldest of three boys born to John Murdoch and Anna Bruce. His father, a millwright and joiner, spelled his name Murdock on moving to England. He was educated for some years at Old Cumnock Parish School and in 1777, with his father, he built a "wooden horse", supposed to have been a form of cycle. In 1777 he set out for the Soho manufactory of Boulton \& Watt, where he quickly found employment, Boulton supposedly being impressed by the lad's hat. This was oval and made of wood, and young William had turned it himself on a lathe of his own manufacture. Murdock quickly became Boulton \& Watt's representative in Cornwall, where there was a flourishing demand for steam-engines. He lived at Redruth during this period.

It is said that a number of the inventions generally ascribed to James Watt are in fact as much due to Murdock as to Watt. Examples are the piston and slide valve and the sun-and-planet gearing. A number of other inventions are attributed to Murdock alone: typical of these is the oscillating cylinder engine which obviated the need for an overhead beam.

In about 1784 he planned a steam-driven road carriage of which he made a working model. He also planned a high-pressure non-condensing engine. The model carriage was demonstrated before Murdock's friends and travelled at a speed of 6–8 mph (10–13 km/h). Boulton and Watt were both antagonistic to their employees' developing independent inventions, and when in 1786 Murdock set out with his model for the Patent Office, having received no reply to a letter he had sent to Watt, Boulton intercepted him on the open road near Exeter and dissuaded him from going any further.

In 1785 he married Mary Painter, daughter of a mine captain. She bore him four children, two of whom died in infancy, those surviving eventually joining their father at the Soho Works. Murdock was a great believer in pneumatic power: he had a pneumatic bell-push at Sycamore House, his home near Soho. The pattern-makers lathe at the Soho Works worked for thirty-five years from an air motor. He also conceived the idea of a vacuum piston engine to exhaust a pipe, later developed by the London Pneumatic Despatch Company's railway and the forerunner of the atmospheric railway.

Another field in which Murdock was a pioneer was the gas industry. In 1791, in Redruth, he was experimenting with different feedstocks in his home-cum-office in Cross Street: of wood, peat and coal, he preferred the last. He designed and built in the backyard of his house a prototype generator, washer, storage and distribution plant, and publicized the efficiency of coal gas as an illuminant by using it to light his own home. In 1794 or 1795 he informed Boulton and Watt of his experimental work and of its success, suggesting that a patent should be applied for. James Watt Junior was now in the firm and was against patenting the idea since they had had so much trouble with previous patents and had been involved in so much litigation. He refused Murdock's request and for a short time Murdock left the firm to go home to his father's mill. Boulton \& Watt soon recognized the loss of a valuable servant and, in a short time, he was again employed at Soho, now as Engineer and Superintendent at the increased salary of £300 per year plus a 1 per cent commission. From this income, he left £14,000 when he died in 1839.

In 1798 the workshops of Boulton and Watt were permanently lit by gas, starting with the foundry building. The 180 ft (55 m) façade of the Soho works was illuminated by gas for the Peace of Paris in June 1814. By 1804, Murdock had brought his apparatus to a point where Boulton \& Watt were able to canvas for orders. Murdock continued with the company after the death of James Watt in 1819, but retired in 1830 and continued to live at Sycamore House, Handsworth, near Birmingham.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Royal Society Rumford Gold Medal 1808.

Further Reading

S.Smiles, 1861, Lives of the Engineers, Vol. IV: Boulton and Watt, London: John Murray.

H.W.Dickinson and R.Jenkins, 1927, James Watt and the Steam Engine, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

J.A.McCash, 1966, "William Murdoch. Faithful servant" in E.G.Semler (ed.), The Great Masters. Engineering Heritage, Vol. II, London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers/Heinemann.

IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Murdock (Murdoch), William
18 пеленка

жен. swaddling band;
swaddling clothes мн.;
diaper, napkin, nappy выходить из пеленок ≈ to be (all) grown up с пеленок ≈ from the cradle, from one's ( very) infancy

diaper

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > пеленка
19 initially

первоначально наречие:
первоначально (originally, initially, primarily)

сначала (first, initially, at first, primarily, at the beginning, in the first instance)

вначале (initially, at first, at the beginning, at the outset)

с самого начала (from the outset, from the first, initially, for a kick-off)

в начальной стадии (initially, in its infancy)

Англо-русский синонимический словарь > initially
20 Holland, John Philip

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

[br]

b. 29 February 1840 Liscanor, Co. Clare, Ireland

d. 12 August 1915 Newark, New Jersey, USA

[br]

Irish/American inventor of the successful modern submarine

[br]

Holland was educated first in his native town and later in Limerick, a seaport bustling with coastal trade ships. His first job was that of schoolteacher, and as such he worked in various parts of Ireland until he was about 32 years old. A combination of his burning patriotic zeal for Ireland and his interest in undersea technology (then in its infancy) made him consider designs for underwater warships for use against the British Royal Navy in the fight for Irish independence. He studied all known works on the subject and commenced drawing plans, but he was unable to make real headway owing to a lack of finance.

In 1873 he travelled to the United States, ultimately settling in New Jersey and continuing in the profession of teaching. His work on submarine design continued, but in 1875 he suffered a grave setback when the United States Navy turned down his designs. Help came from an unexpected source, the Irish Republican Brotherhood, or Fenian Society, which had been founded in Dublin and New York in 1858. Financial help enabled Holland to build a 4 m (13 ft) one-person craft, which was tested in 1878, and then a larger boat of 19 tonnes' displacement that was tested with a crew of three to depths of 20 m (65 ft) in New York's harbour in 1883. Known as the Fenian Ram, it embodied most of the principles of modern submarines, including weight compensation. The Fenians commandeered this boat, but they were unable to operate it satisfactorily and it was relegated to history.

Holland continued work, at times independently and sometimes with others, and continuously advocated submarines to the United States Navy. In 1895 he was successful in winning a contract for US$150,000 to build the US Submarine Plunger at Baltimore. With too much outside interference, this proved an unsatisfactory venture. However, with only US$5,000 of his capital left, Holland started again and in 1898 he launched the Holland at Elizabeth, New Jersey. This 16 m (52 ft) vessel was successful, and in 1900 it was purchased by the United States Government.

Six more boats were ordered by the Americans, and then some by the Russians and the Japanese. The British Royal Navy ordered five, which were built by Vickers Son and Maxim (now VSEL) at Barrow-in-Furness in the years up to 1903, commencing their long run of submarine building. They were licensed by another well-known name, the Electric Boat Company, which had formerly been the J.P.Holland Torpedo Boat Company.

Holland now had some wealth and was well known. He continued to work, trying his hand at aeronautical research, and in 1904 he invented a respirator for use in submarine rescue work. It is pleasing to record that one of his ships can be seen to this day at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum, Gosport: HM Submarine Holland No. 1, which was lost under tow in 1913 but salvaged and restored in the 1980s.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Order of the Rising Sun, Japan, 1910.

Bibliography

1900, "The submarine boat and its future", North American Review (December). Holland wrote several other articles of a similar nature.

Further Reading

R.K.Morris, 1966 John P.Holland 1841–1914, Inventor of the Modern Submarine, Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute.

F.W.Lipscomb, 1975, The British Submarine, London: Conway Maritime Press. A.N.Harrison, 1979, The Development of HM Submarines from Holland No. 1 (1901) to

Porpoise (1930), Bath: MoD Ships Department (internal publication).

FMW

Biographical history of technology > Holland, John Philip

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